پژوهش نامه اسلامی زنان و خانواده
سال یازدهم شماره 31 (تابستان 1402)

The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying jurisprudential-legal challenges of infertility and its effect on couples' relationships by thematic analysis. The data were collected using the semi-structured interviews; thus, 19 experts majored in Fiqh, law, and family were selected by the judgmental sampling, and they were interviewed until the saturation stage. The obtained data were encoded through the three phases by MAXQDA and 37 categories were extracted. These categories included jurisprudential challenges (10 categories), legal challenges (9 categories), the most important jurisprudential-legal challenges (8 categories), negative effects of infertility on couples' relationships (4 categories), and the effect of jurisprudential-legal challenges on couples' relationships (6 categories). The results showed that the most important jurisprudential-legal challenges which infertile families face are as follows: couples' non-adherence to marital commitments, the lack of sufficient legal support in cases of misbehavior between spouses and those around them, jurists' disagreements regarding the permissibility or sanctity of artificial insemination, the legislator's silence and the lack of law regarding new methods of fertility, and some people's inattention to jurisprudential issues. These challenges throw couples into confusion and affect their relationships.

This correlational study was conducted with the purpose of predicting extramarital relationships based on thematic relations and marital boundaries with the mediation of the feeling of loneliness among married women using structural equation modeling. The population included all married women living in Tehran, Zone 5, in 2022. 400 women were selected as the sample by Cochran's formula and the convenience sampling. The date were collected using the questionnaires of the probability of extramarital relationships, thematic relations, family marital boundaries, and the feeling of loneliness, and they were analyzed by the SPSS-26 and AMOS-24. According to the results, extramarital relationships can be predicted by thematic relations and marital boundaries with the mediation of the feeling of loneliness among married women. In addition, the feeling of loneliness can play a mediatory role in extramarital relationships, thematic relations, and marital boundaries; thus, by adjusting thematic relations and marital boundaries, as well as eliminating the feeling of loneliness among married women, it can be possible to decrease extramarital relationships.

The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between economic factors and the rate of marriage and divorce using Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL), which provides a short-term and long-term analysis. In addition, a comparative analysis of common and complementary economic factors affecting the marriage and divorce was presented. Research data were gathered from all written statistics related to Iran's economy from 1983 to 2020. The results of long-term analysis showed that unemployment rate has a direct and significant relationship and Gini coefficient has an indirect and significant relationship with divorce rate. The variables of women's economic participation, per capita income growth, urbanization, and housing rental growth do not have a significant relationship with divorce rate in the long term. The variables of urbanization, women's economic participation, and per capita income growth have direct relationship, and the variables of Gini coefficient, housing rental growth, and unemployment rate have indirect relationship with marriage rate in the long term. The most interesting result about women's economic participation was that the more rate of women's economic participation, the more marriage rate, and the variable of women's economic participation does not have any significant effect on divorce rate in Iran.

The theory of united family rights means that after marriage, single legal rules apply to the family which includes the rights and obligations of its members, especially couples, so that the family is supported as a social institution. This analytical-documentary study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the theory of united family rights seeking to properly establish legal and judicial justice in order to strengthen, reinforce, and support the family; thus, all written legal sources related to this issue were reviewed. The results showed what has weakened the foundation of the family is different rules in the field of the family which cause the lack of transparency of duties and obligations of the family members. Therefore, the family, which is a fundamental institution in society and is a key focus of human growth, must follows united rights, so that it becomes strong enough. The goals of this theory are as follows: the strength of the family, the limitation of the governance of members' will, the governance of united rights, the protection of women and children in the family, and the purposeful management of the family. The basic principles of this theory include the principle of structuralism of the family, the observance of justice and benevolence, and the common rules of Islamic religions that are accepted by them.

One of the manifestations of guardianship over a child is the execution of the marriage contract. Sometimes this marriage takes place for a short period of time and only for the privacy of a third party with one of the spouses. Due to the lack of intention to marry between the parties, as well as the possibility of not enjoying the child, as well as considering the theory of requirement of expediency, the temporary marriage of the child is a challenge. Some of them are as follows: Is such a marriage valid in terms of not intending marriage between the child and the other party? In terms of the purpose of enjoying a temporary marriage and the child's lack of ability to do so, is it correct to have a temporary marriage on a child with a limited term? Assuming that the answers are positive, can the excuse of privacy of the third party and one of the convicted persons provide the expediency? In this condition, to whom is the expediency determined, the child or his family? According to the fact that one or both of the spouses have a child, what is the criterion of expediency and who is the authority for determining expediency? Accordingly, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the validity or invalidity of child marriage with the intention of privacy of the third party and one of the marriage parties and answering the challenge in an analytical-documentary way. The data were collected and analyzed by following the sources, evidences and opinions of Imami jurists. The results showed that the authenticity of this marriage is problematic due to the lack of intention to marry and also according to the opinion of those jurists who consider the nature of temporary marriage to be only for enjoyment. Regarding the expediency and its consequences, the wisdom of the guardianship, the rational and legitimate way and the available narrative evidences indicate the centrality of the interest of ward and the focus on the protection of his/her interest, and the guardian is in charge of diagnosing it, taking into account the child's condition. Respecting the interest of the child in the marriage contract that is executed with this purpose and always faces crucial challenges, while the validity of the contract depends on the interest of the child.

This qualitative research aimed to investigate the psychological challenges of Iranian women married to Afghan men by the methodology of descriptive phenomenology (lived experience). The population included women married to Afghan men in Fars Province. 20 women were selected by the judgmental sampling, based on the theoretical saturation of the semi-structured interviews. Data validity was examined based on reliability and transferability, and the data were analyzed by thematic analysis. The results showed that there were two general categories of psychological challenges including the harms of mate choice and the harms of psychological safety. The harms of mate choice included nine basic themes (poverty, the lack of awareness, the illiteracy of girls, the illiteracy of parents, the increment of age, the number of girls and financial need, being a burden, and the increment of same marriages), three organizing themes (economic, social, and cultural conditions), and one comprehensive theme of the second level (inevitability of choice). In addition, the harms of psychological safety included 22 basic themes (being imprisoned at home, night attack, physical violence, love, empathy and sympathy, independence, abandonment, competence, the right to choose, individuality, femininity, progress, compulsion in relationship, depression, low self-confidence, physical pains, being loved, earning, meeting basic needs, not paying attention to mental conditions, nervousness, and coercion for unconventional sex), nine organizing themes (life safety, emotional safety, power, freedom, self-knowledge, economic needs, psychological disorders, physical disorders, and sexual needs), and four comprehensive themes of the second level (feeling of safety, identification, basic needs, and physical and psychological disorders). According to these results, the need for attention to and legal arrangements for the marriage of Iranian women with Afghan men is inevitable and the personal and social harms can be prevented with appropriate precautions.